Η ιστορία της σύγχρονης Τουρκίας ξεκινά με την ίδρυση της δημοκρατίας στις 29 Οκτωβρίου 1923 (η Δημοκρατία ανακηρύχθηκε στις 20 Ιανουαρίου 1921), από τα κατάλοιπα της Οθωμανικής Αυτοκρατορίας. Ο Μουσταφά Κεμάλ «Ατατούρκ» ήταν ο Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας. Η κυβέρνηση δημιουργήθηκε από τα μέλη της επαναστατικής ομάδας της Άγκυρας που είχε αρχηγό τον Ατατούρκ και είχε νικήσει τους Έλληνες στη δυτική Τουρκία (βλέπε Ελληνοτουρκικός Πόλεμος 1919-1922). Η Συνθήκη της Λωζάνης, που υπογράφτηκε στις 24 Ιουλίου 1923, και την οποία διαπραγματεύτηκε ο Ισμέτ Ινονού εκ μέρους της κυβέρνησης της Άγκυρας, εδραίωσε την πλειονότητα των σύγχρονων συνόρων της χώρας (εκτός από την επαρχία Χατάι που παραχωρήθηκε στην Τουρκία από τη Γαλλία το 1939). Ο Κεμάλ εισήγαγε πολλούς νεωτερισμούς στην Τουρκία, ένας από τους οποίους ήταν η αντικατάσταση στην τουρκική γλώσσα του αραβικού αλφαβήτου με το λατινικό.
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By 18 September 1922, the occupying armies were expelled, and the new Turkish state was established. On 1 November, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of 24 July 1923 led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed "Republic of Turkey" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on 29 October 1923 in Ankara, the country's new capital.The Lausanne treaty stipulated a population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereby 1.1 million Greeks left Turkey for Greece in exchange for 380,000 Muslims transferred from Greece to Turkey.
Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of the country's Ottoman past. With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks.)
Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of the country's Ottoman past. With the Surname Law of 1934, the Turkish Parliament bestowed upon Mustafa Kemal the honorific surname "Atatürk" (Father of the Turks.)
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Cumhuriyet Bayramı Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi'nin 29 Ekim 1923'te Cumhuriyet yönetimi ilan etmesi anısına her yıl 29 Ekim günü Türkiye'de ve Kuzey Kıbrıs'ta kutlanan bir millî bayramdır.
Cumhuriyet Bayramı'nın kutlandığı ülkelerde 28 Ekim öğleden sonra ve 29 Ekim tam gün olmak üzere bir buçuk gün resmî tatildir. 29 Ekimlerde stadyumlarda şenlikler yapılır, akşam ise geleneksel olarak fener alayları düzenlenir.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurucusu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Cumhuriyet'in Onuncu Yıl Kutlamalarının yapıldığı 29 Ekim 1933 tarihinde verdiği 10. Yıl Nutku'nda, bu günü en büyük bayram olarak nitelendirmiştir.
Cumhuriyet Bayramı'nın kutlandığı ülkelerde 28 Ekim öğleden sonra ve 29 Ekim tam gün olmak üzere bir buçuk gün resmî tatildir. 29 Ekimlerde stadyumlarda şenlikler yapılır, akşam ise geleneksel olarak fener alayları düzenlenir.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti'nin kurucusu Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, Cumhuriyet'in Onuncu Yıl Kutlamalarının yapıldığı 29 Ekim 1933 tarihinde verdiği 10. Yıl Nutku'nda, bu günü en büyük bayram olarak nitelendirmiştir.
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